[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:4201":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":12,"weighting":13,"nolocadd":14,"blacklisted":14,"mindat_formula":15,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":16,"elements":17,"sigelements":26,"key_elements":27,"impurities":28,"cim":29,"ima_status":30,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":33,"discovery_year":34,"strunz10ed1":35,"strunz10ed2":36,"strunz10ed3":37,"strunz10ed4":38,"dana8ed1":39,"dana8ed2":40,"dana8ed3":41,"dana8ed4":42,"csystem":43,"cclass":11,"spacegroup":11,"spacegroupset":44,"a":44,"b":44,"c":44,"alpha":44,"beta":44,"gamma":44,"aerror":11,"berror":11,"cerror":11,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":11,"csmetamict":14,"commentcrystal":45,"twinning":11,"tranglide":11,"parting":11,"epitaxidescription":11,"morphology":46,"tlform":11,"hmin":47,"hmax":48,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":44,"vhnmax":44,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":49,"dmeas2":50,"dcalc":44,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":11,"commentdense":11,"lustre":11,"lustretype":51,"commentluster":11,"diapheny":52,"streak":11,"colour":53,"commentcolor":11,"colors":54,"streak_colors":11,"luminescence":11,"uv":11,"cleavage":11,"cleavagetype":11,"fracturetype":57,"tenacity":58,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":59,"opticalsign":60,"opticalalpha":61,"opticalalpha2":62,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":63,"opticalbeta2":44,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":64,"opticalgamma2":44,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":44,"opticalomega2":44,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":44,"opticalepsilon2":44,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":44,"opticaln2":44,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":65,"optical2vcalc2":66,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":44,"optical2vmeasured2":44,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":67,"rimax":68,"opticaldispersion":69,"opticalpleochroism":11,"opticalpleochorismdesc":11,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":11,"opticalanisotropism":11,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":11,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":11,"other":11,"industrial":11,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":70,"type_specimen_store":71,"description_short":72,"aboutname":73,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":74,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":75,"group_members":76,"associates":161,"confused_with":172,"type_localities":173,"occurrence_total":180,"citations":181,"images":206,"structures":342,"synonyms":343,"language_names":348,"wikidata_qid":393,"texts":394},4201,"1:1:4201:3","6d999a3d-ec4e-4c25-a3e5-76d093bf9d30","Volkonskoite","Vkn",0,"mineral",null,11119,353,false,"Ca\u003Csub>0.3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Cr,Mg,Fe)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>((Si,Al)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Ca\u003Csub>0.3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Cr,Mg)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si,Al)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",[18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25],"Al","Ca","Cr","Fe","Mg","Si","O","H",[19,20,23,24,25],[20],",Ti,Mn,Na,K,C,P,,","16.15.6",[31,32],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED",1831,"1831","9","E","C","40","71","3","1a","4","Monoclinic","0","Point Group: n.d.; Space Group: n.d. Z = n.d","Fine scaly to fibrous, massive.",1,2,"2.11","2.36","Waxy,Dull","Translucent","Blue-green, dark green, grass-green",[55,56],"green","blue","Conchoidal","brittle","Biaxial","-","1.551","1.560","1.569","1.564","62","84",1.551,1.569,"r > v strong","Weathering product of serpentine, epigenetic mineral in clastic sedimentary rocks.","National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, R4820, 16308.","Smectite Group.","Named in 1831 by August Alexander Kämmerer in honour of Prince Pyotr Mikhailovich Volkonsky (25 April (6 May) 1776, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Empire - 27 August (8 September) 1852, Petergof, Petrodvortsovy District, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire), Minister of the Russian Court, Russia.","2025-08-11 12:14:24",[],[77,84,92,99,105,113,120,127,133,142,148,154],{"id":78,"name":79,"entrytype":9,"csystem":43,"ima_formula":80,"mindat_formula":81,"hmin":47,"hmax":48,"dmeas":82,"dcalc":44,"primary_image_id":83},604,"Beidellite","(Na,Ca)\u003Csub>0.3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si,Al)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","(Na,Ca\u003Csub>0.5\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>0.3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>((Si,Al)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2",2980,{"id":85,"name":86,"entrytype":9,"csystem":43,"ima_formula":87,"mindat_formula":88,"hmin":48,"hmax":48,"dmeas":89,"dcalc":90,"primary_image_id":91},29079,"Ferrosaponite","Ca\u003Csub>0.3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Mg,Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si,Al)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Ca\u003Csub>0.3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Mg,Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>((Si,Al)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.49","2.435",8824,{"id":93,"name":94,"entrytype":9,"csystem":43,"ima_formula":95,"mindat_formula":96,"hmin":47,"hmax":48,"dmeas":97,"dcalc":44,"primary_image_id":98},1841,"Hectorite","Na\u003Csub>0.3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mg,Li)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(F,OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Na\u003Csub>0.3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mg,Li)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)(F,OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","2.3",10997,{"id":100,"name":101,"entrytype":9,"csystem":43,"ima_formula":102,"mindat_formula":103,"hmin":47,"hmax":48,"dmeas":82,"dcalc":44,"primary_image_id":104},2821,"Montmorillonite","(Na,Ca)\u003Csub>0.3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Al,Mg)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","(Na,Ca)\u003Csub>0.33\u003C\u002Fsub>(Al,Mg)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",16678,{"id":106,"name":107,"entrytype":9,"csystem":43,"ima_formula":108,"mindat_formula":109,"hmin":110,"hmax":48,"dmeas":111,"dcalc":44,"primary_image_id":112},2924,"Nontronite","Na\u003Csub>0.3\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si,Al)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Na\u003Csub>0.3\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>((Si,Al)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",1.5,"2.2",30357,{"id":114,"name":115,"entrytype":9,"csystem":43,"ima_formula":116,"mindat_formula":117,"hmin":48,"hmax":118,"dmeas":44,"dcalc":119,"primary_image_id":11},3510,"Saliotite","(Li,Na)Al\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Al)O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>","(Li,Na)Al\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(AlSi\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>",3,"2.75",{"id":121,"name":122,"entrytype":9,"csystem":43,"ima_formula":123,"mindat_formula":124,"hmin":110,"hmax":48,"dmeas":125,"dcalc":44,"primary_image_id":126},3528,"Saponite","(Ca,Na)\u003Csub>0.3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mg,Fe)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si,Al)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Ca\u003Csub>0.25\u003C\u002Fsub>(Mg,Fe)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>((Si,Al)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","2.24",21551,{"id":128,"name":129,"entrytype":9,"csystem":43,"ima_formula":130,"mindat_formula":131,"hmin":47,"hmax":48,"dmeas":44,"dcalc":44,"primary_image_id":132},3544,"Sauconite","Na\u003Csub>0.3\u003C\u002Fsub>Zn\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si,Al)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Na\u003Csub>0.3\u003C\u002Fsub>Zn\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>((Si,Al)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",21645,{"id":134,"name":135,"entrytype":9,"csystem":43,"ima_formula":136,"mindat_formula":137,"hmin":138,"hmax":138,"dmeas":139,"dcalc":140,"primary_image_id":141},3770,"Stevensite","(Ca,Na)\u003Csub>x\u003C\u002Fsub>Mg\u003Csub>3-y\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","(Ca,Na)\u003Csub>x\u003C\u002Fsub>Mg\u003Csub>3-x\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",2.5,"2.15","2.07",22839,{"id":143,"name":144,"entrytype":9,"csystem":43,"ima_formula":145,"mindat_formula":146,"hmin":47,"hmax":47,"dmeas":44,"dcalc":44,"primary_image_id":147},3847,"Swinefordite","Ca\u003Csub>0.2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Li,Al,Mg,Fe)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si,Al)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH,F)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","Li(Al,Li,Mg)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>((Si,Al)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH,F)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>·nH\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",23386,{"id":149,"name":150,"entrytype":9,"csystem":43,"ima_formula":151,"mindat_formula":152,"hmin":48,"hmax":118,"dmeas":44,"dcalc":44,"primary_image_id":153},4351,"Yakhontovite","(Ca,Na,K)\u003Csub>0.2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Cu,Fe,Mg)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 3H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O","(Ca,Na)\u003Csub>0.5\u003C\u002Fsub>(Cu,Fe,Mg)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·3H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O",5814,{"id":155,"name":156,"entrytype":9,"csystem":43,"ima_formula":157,"mindat_formula":158,"hmin":110,"hmax":48,"dmeas":159,"dcalc":44,"primary_image_id":160},4416,"Zincsilite","Zn\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O (?)","Zn\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>10\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·4H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O (?)","2.67",28814,[162],{"id":163,"name":164,"entrytype":9,"csystem":165,"ima_formula":166,"mindat_formula":166,"hmin":167,"hmax":168,"dmeas":169,"dcalc":170,"primary_image_id":171},4015,"Tridymite","Triclinic","SiO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",6.5,7,"2.25","2.28",24496,[],[174],{"id":175,"txt":176,"latitude":177,"longitude":178,"country":179},17903,"Efimyatskaya Mt, Efimyata Village, Chastinsky District, Perm Krai, Russia",57.4016667,54.7466667,"Russia",22,[182,185,190,194,198,202],{"id":183,"year":33,"html":184,"doi":11},16127453,"Kämmerer, A. (1831) Mittheilungen an den Geheimen Rath v. Leonhard gerichtet. Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefaktenkunde: 2: 420-420.",{"id":186,"year":187,"html":188,"doi":189},146289,1987,"Foord, Eugene E. (1987) Reassessment of the Volkonskoite-Chromian Smectite Nomenclature Problem. \u003Ci>Clays and Clay Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  35 (2) 139-149 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1346\u002Fccmn.1987.0350206'>doi:10.1346\u002Fccmn.1987.0350206\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1346\u002Fccmn.1987.0350206",{"id":191,"year":192,"html":193,"doi":11},528517,1988,"Jambor, John L.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Ercit, T. Scott; Grice, Joel D.; Grew, Edward S. (1988) New mineral names. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  73 (7-8). 927-935 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM73\u002FAM73_927.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":195,"year":196,"html":197,"doi":11},16127456,1996,"Kossovskaya, A.G., Gomon’kov, A.V., Gor’kova, N.V., Shchepetova, Ye.V. (1996) New data on the composition and genesis of volkonskoite. Litologiya i Poleznyye Iskopayemyye: 1996(2): 146–156. (in Russian)",{"id":199,"year":200,"html":201,"doi":11},16116225,1997,"Jambor, J.L., Grew, E.S., Roberts, A.C. (1997) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 82: 820-823.",{"id":203,"year":204,"html":205,"doi":11},16968017,2001,"(2001) Volkonskoite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fvolkonskoite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",[207,217,224,234,243,249,257,262,269,277,281,288,296,304,308,315,319,327,335],{"id":208,"source_url":209,"license_code":210,"credit_html":211,"title":212,"description":213,"author":214,"original_width":215,"original_height":216},27597,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41252840","CC BY 2.0","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41252840\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Volkonskoite-replaced fossil wood, Mt. Efimiatsk, Chastinsky District, Russia.jpg","\u003Cp>Volkonskoite-replaced fossil wood from the Permian of Russia. (4.9 cm across at its widest)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This is a very rare specimen of fossil wood from Permian rocks in western Russia.  Most fossil wood is preserved by quartz-permineralization or carbonization.  This fossil wood has been replaced by a rare chromian smectite clay mineral called volkonskoite (Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10 (OH)2⋅4H2O - hydrous calcium chromium magnesium iron hydroxy-aluminosilicate).  The chromium (Cr) content gives the fossil its green coloration.  The striations appear to be remnants of the original wood structure.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Host rocks & age: soft fluvial sandstones, Kazanian to Tatarian Stages, upper Upper Permian\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Mt. Efimiatsk (Mt. Efimyatskaya), near the town of Efimyata, ~10 miles west of Votinsk Reservoir & ~30 miles southwest of Okhansk, Chastinsky District, southwestern Perm Region, western foothills of the southwestern Ural Mountains, western Russia","James St. John",2860,2098,{"id":218,"source_url":219,"license_code":220,"credit_html":221,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":222,"original_height":223},30953,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F90429","CC BY-SA 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F90429\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",1000,867,{"id":225,"source_url":226,"license_code":227,"credit_html":228,"title":229,"description":230,"author":231,"original_width":232,"original_height":233},85350,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6869627","CC BY 3.0","Дружинин Г.В., via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6869627\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Волконскоит Кировская обл д Сибирь.JPG","Фото гнезда волконскоита в песчаной толще у деревни Сибирь Унинского района Кировской области. Волконскоит замещает собой захороненный в песке кусок древесины.","Дружинин Г.В.",2288,1712,{"id":235,"source_url":236,"license_code":210,"credit_html":237,"title":238,"description":239,"author":240,"original_width":241,"original_height":242},27598,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41697822","jsj1771, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41697822\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Volkonskoite-replaced fossil wood (Upper Permian; Mt. Efimiatsk, Chastinsky District, foothills of the Ural Mountains, Russia) 1.jpg","Volkonskoite-replaced fossil wood from the Permian of Russia. (4.2 cm across at its widest)\n\u003Cp>This is a very rare specimen of fossil wood from Permian rocks in western Russia.  Most fossil wood is preserved by quartz-permineralization or carbonization.  This fossil wood has been replaced by a rare chromian smectite clay mineral called volkonskoite (Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10 (OH)2⋅4H2O - hydrous calcium chromium magnesium iron hydroxy-aluminosilicate).  The chromium (Cr) content gives the fossil its green coloration.  The striations appear to be remnants of the original wood structure.  The broken sides show that the massive, fine-grained volkonskoite breaks with a conchoidal fracture.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Host rocks & age: soft fluvial sandstones, Kazanian to Tatarian Stages, upper Upper Permian\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Mt. Efimiatsk (Mt. Efimyatskaya), near the town of Efimyata, ~10 miles west of Votinsk Reservoir & ~30 miles southwest of Okhansk, Chastinsky District, southwestern Perm Region, western foothills of the southwestern Ural Mountains, western Russia","jsj1771",2074,1477,{"id":244,"source_url":245,"license_code":246,"credit_html":247,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":222,"original_height":248},30954,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F112707","CC BY 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F112707\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",666,{"id":250,"source_url":251,"license_code":210,"credit_html":252,"title":253,"description":254,"author":240,"original_width":255,"original_height":256},27599,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41697824","jsj1771, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41697824\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Volkonskoite-replaced fossil wood (Upper Permian; Mt. Efimiatsk, Chastinsky District, foothills of the Ural Mountains, Russia) 4.jpg","Volkonskoite-replaced fossil wood from the Permian of Russia. (4.3 cm across at its widest)\n\u003Cp>This is a very rare specimen of fossil wood from Permian rocks in western Russia.  Most fossil wood is preserved by quartz-permineralization or carbonization.  This fossil wood has been replaced by a rare chromian smectite clay mineral called volkonskoite (Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10 (OH)2⋅4H2O - hydrous calcium chromium magnesium iron hydroxy-aluminosilicate).  The chromium (Cr) content gives the fossil its green coloration.  The striations appear to be remnants of the original wood structure.  The broken sides show that the massive, fine-grained volkonskoite breaks with a conchoidal fracture.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Host rocks & age: soft fluvial sandstones, Kazanian to Tatarian Stages, upper Upper Permian\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Mt. Efimiatsk (Mt. Efimyatskaya), near the town of Efimyata, ~10 miles west of Votinsk Reservoir & ~30 miles southwest of Okhansk, Chastinsky District, southwestern Perm Region, western foothills of the southwestern Ural Mountains, western Russia",2858,1710,{"id":258,"source_url":259,"license_code":220,"credit_html":260,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":222,"original_height":261},30955,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65524","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65524\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",722,{"id":263,"source_url":264,"license_code":210,"credit_html":265,"title":266,"description":239,"author":240,"original_width":267,"original_height":268},85351,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41697820","jsj1771, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41697820\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Volkonskoite-replaced fossil wood (Upper Permian; Mt. Efimiatsk, Chastinsky District, foothills of the Ural Mountains, Russia) 2.jpg",2567,1822,{"id":270,"source_url":271,"license_code":210,"credit_html":272,"title":273,"description":274,"author":240,"original_width":275,"original_height":276},27600,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41697825","jsj1771, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41697825\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Volkonskoite-replaced fossil wood (Upper Permian; Mt. Efimiatsk, Chastinsky District, foothills of the Ural Mountains, Russia) 5.jpg","Volkonskoite-replaced fossil wood from the Permian of Russia. (4.2 cm across at its widest)\n\u003Cp>This is a very rare specimen of fossil wood from Permian rocks in western Russia.  Most fossil wood is preserved by quartz-permineralization or carbonization.  This fossil wood has been replaced by a rare chromian smectite clay mineral called volkonskoite (Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10 (OH)2⋅4H2O - hydrous calcium chromium magnesium iron hydroxy-aluminosilicate).  The chromium (Cr) content gives the fossil its green coloration.  The broken sides show that the massive, fine-grained volkonskoite breaks with a conchoidal fracture.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Host rocks & age: soft fluvial sandstones, Kazanian to Tatarian Stages, upper Upper Permian\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Mt. Efimiatsk (Mt. Efimyatskaya), near the town of Efimyata, ~10 miles west of Votinsk Reservoir & ~30 miles southwest of Okhansk, Chastinsky District, southwestern Perm Region, western foothills of the southwestern Ural Mountains, western Russia",2360,1913,{"id":278,"source_url":279,"license_code":246,"credit_html":280,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":222,"original_height":248},30956,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F109442","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F109442\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":282,"source_url":283,"license_code":210,"credit_html":284,"title":285,"description":239,"author":240,"original_width":286,"original_height":287},85352,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41697821","jsj1771, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41697821\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Volkonskoite-replaced fossil wood (Upper Permian; Mt. Efimiatsk, Chastinsky District, foothills of the Ural Mountains, Russia) 3.jpg",2437,1880,{"id":289,"source_url":290,"license_code":210,"credit_html":291,"title":292,"description":293,"author":240,"original_width":294,"original_height":295},27601,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41697826","jsj1771, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41697826\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Volkonskoite-replaced fossil wood (Upper Permian; Mt. Efimiatsk, Chastinsky District, foothills of the Ural Mountains, Russia) 6.jpg","Volkonskoite-replaced fossil wood from the Permian of Russia. (4.85 cm across at its widest)\n\u003Cp>This is a very rare specimen of fossil wood from Permian rocks in western Russia.  Most fossil wood is preserved by quartz-permineralization or carbonization.  This fossil wood has been replaced by a rare chromian smectite clay mineral called volkonskoite (Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10 (OH)2⋅4H2O - hydrous calcium chromium magnesium iron hydroxy-aluminosilicate).  The chromium (Cr) content gives the fossil its green coloration.  The striations appear to be remnants of the original wood structure.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Host rocks & age: soft fluvial sandstones, Kazanian to Tatarian Stages, upper Upper Permian\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Mt. Efimiatsk (Mt. Efimyatskaya), near the town of Efimyata, ~10 miles west of Votinsk Reservoir & ~30 miles southwest of Okhansk, Chastinsky District, southwestern Perm Region, western foothills of the southwestern Ural Mountains, western Russia",2822,1920,{"id":297,"source_url":298,"license_code":210,"credit_html":299,"title":300,"description":301,"author":240,"original_width":302,"original_height":303},27602,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41697827","jsj1771, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41697827\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Volkonskoite-replaced fossil wood (Upper Permian; Mt. Efimiatsk, Chastinsky District, foothills of the Ural Mountains, Russia) 9.jpg","Volkonskoite-replaced fossil wood from the Permian of Russia. (4.9 cm across at its widest)\n\u003Cp>This is a very rare specimen of fossil wood from Permian rocks in western Russia.  Most fossil wood is preserved by quartz-permineralization or carbonization.  This fossil wood has been replaced by a rare chromian smectite clay mineral called volkonskoite (Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10 (OH)2⋅4H2O - hydrous calcium chromium magnesium iron hydroxy-aluminosilicate).  The chromium (Cr) content gives the fossil its green coloration.  The striations appear to be remnants of the original wood structure.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Host rocks & age: soft fluvial sandstones, Kazanian to Tatarian Stages, upper Upper Permian\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Mt. Efimiatsk (Mt. Efimyatskaya), near the town of Efimyata, ~10 miles west of Votinsk Reservoir & ~30 miles southwest of Okhansk, Chastinsky District, southwestern Perm Region, western foothills of the southwestern Ural Mountains, western Russia",2827,2093,{"id":305,"source_url":306,"license_code":246,"credit_html":307,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":222,"original_height":248},30958,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F112721","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F112721\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":309,"source_url":310,"license_code":210,"credit_html":311,"title":312,"description":313,"author":240,"original_width":241,"original_height":314},27603,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41697829","jsj1771, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41697829\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Volkonskoite-replaced fossil wood (Upper Permian; Mt. Efimiatsk, Chastinsky District, foothills of the Ural Mountains, Russia) 11.jpg","Volkonskoite-replaced fossil wood from the Permian of Russia. (3.25 cm across at its widest)\n\u003Cp>This is a very rare specimen of fossil wood from Permian rocks in western Russia.  Most fossil wood is preserved by quartz-permineralization or carbonization.  This fossil wood has been replaced by a rare chromian smectite clay mineral called volkonskoite (Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10 (OH)2⋅4H2O - hydrous calcium chromium magnesium iron hydroxy-aluminosilicate).  The chromium (Cr) content gives the fossil its green coloration.  The striations appear to be remnants of the original wood structure.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Host rocks & age: soft fluvial sandstones, Kazanian to Tatarian Stages, upper Upper Permian\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Mt. Efimiatsk (Mt. Efimyatskaya), near the town of Efimyata, ~10 miles west of Votinsk Reservoir & ~30 miles southwest of Okhansk, Chastinsky District, southwestern Perm Region, western foothills of the southwestern Ural Mountains, western Russia",2485,{"id":316,"source_url":317,"license_code":246,"credit_html":318,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":222,"original_height":248},30959,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F119843","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F119843\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Geology, TalTech\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",{"id":320,"source_url":321,"license_code":210,"credit_html":322,"title":323,"description":324,"author":240,"original_width":325,"original_height":326},27604,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41697831","jsj1771, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41697831\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Volkonskoite-replaced fossil wood (Upper Permian; Mt. Efimiatsk, Chastinsky District, foothills of the Ural Mountains, Russia) 10.jpg","Volkonskoite-replaced fossil wood from the Permian of Russia. (2.9 cm across at its widest)\n\u003Cp>This is a very rare specimen of fossil wood from Permian rocks in western Russia.  Most fossil wood is preserved by quartz-permineralization or carbonization.  This fossil wood has been replaced by a rare chromian smectite clay mineral called volkonskoite (Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10 (OH)2⋅4H2O - hydrous calcium chromium magnesium iron hydroxy-aluminosilicate).  The chromium (Cr) content gives the fossil its green coloration.  The striations appear to be remnants of the original wood structure.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Host rocks & age: soft fluvial sandstones, Kazanian to Tatarian Stages, upper Upper Permian\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Mt. Efimiatsk (Mt. Efimyatskaya), near the town of Efimyata, ~10 miles west of Votinsk Reservoir & ~30 miles southwest of Okhansk, Chastinsky District, southwestern Perm Region, western foothills of the southwestern Ural Mountains, western Russia",2000,2369,{"id":328,"source_url":329,"license_code":210,"credit_html":330,"title":331,"description":332,"author":240,"original_width":333,"original_height":334},85353,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41697828","jsj1771, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41697828\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Volkonskoite-replaced fossil wood (Upper Permian; Mt. Efimiatsk, Chastinsky District, foothills of the Ural Mountains, Russia) 7.jpg","Volkonskoite-replaced fossil wood from the Permian of Russia. (4.75 cm across at its widest)\n\u003Cp>This is a very rare specimen of fossil wood from Permian rocks in western Russia.  Most fossil wood is preserved by quartz-permineralization or carbonization.  This fossil wood has been replaced by a rare chromian smectite clay mineral called volkonskoite (Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10 (OH)2⋅4H2O - hydrous calcium chromium magnesium iron hydroxy-aluminosilicate).  The chromium (Cr) content gives the fossil its green coloration.  The striations appear to be remnants of the original wood structure.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Host rocks & age: soft fluvial sandstones, Kazanian to Tatarian Stages, upper Upper Permian\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nLocality: Mt. Efimiatsk (Mt. Efimyatskaya), near the town of Efimyata, ~10 miles west of Votinsk Reservoir & ~30 miles southwest of Okhansk, Chastinsky District, southwestern Perm Region, western foothills of the southwestern Ural Mountains, western Russia",2968,1925,{"id":336,"source_url":337,"license_code":210,"credit_html":338,"title":339,"description":313,"author":240,"original_width":340,"original_height":341},85354,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41697830","jsj1771, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=41697830\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Volkonskoite-replaced fossil wood (Upper Permian; Mt. Efimiatsk, Chastinsky District, foothills of the Ural Mountains, Russia) 12.jpg",2102,2349,[],[344,345,346,347],"Volkonskoiet","Wolchonskoit","Wolchonskoita","Wolchonskoite",[349,353,357,361,365,369,373,377,380,385,389],{"lang":350,"names":351},"bg",[352],"волконскоит",{"lang":354,"names":355},"ca",[356],"volkonskoïta",{"lang":358,"names":359},"de",[360,345],"Volkonskoit",{"lang":362,"names":363},"es",[364],"Volkonskoíta",{"lang":366,"names":367},"et",[368],"volkonskoiit",{"lang":370,"names":371},"eu",[372],"Volkonskoita",{"lang":374,"names":375},"he",[376],"וולקונסקואיט",{"lang":378,"names":379},"it",[7],{"lang":381,"names":382},"ru",[352,383,384],"гекторит","монтмориллонит хромистый",{"lang":386,"names":387},"uk",[388],"волконскоїт",{"lang":390,"names":391},"zh",[392],"铬绿脱石","Q4016140",{"history":11,"applications":11}]