[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:4225":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":8,"synid":8,"polytypeof":8,"groupid":8,"weighting":11,"nolocadd":12,"blacklisted":13,"mindat_formula":8,"mindat_formula_note":8,"ima_formula":8,"elements":8,"sigelements":8,"key_elements":8,"impurities":8,"cim":8,"ima_status":8,"ima_notes":8,"ima_history":8,"approval_year":8,"publication_year":8,"discovery_year":8,"strunz10ed1":14,"strunz10ed2":14,"strunz10ed3":14,"strunz10ed4":8,"dana8ed1":8,"dana8ed2":8,"dana8ed3":8,"dana8ed4":8,"csystem":8,"cclass":8,"spacegroup":8,"spacegroupset":14,"a":8,"b":8,"c":8,"alpha":8,"beta":8,"gamma":8,"aerror":8,"berror":8,"cerror":8,"alphaerror":8,"betaerror":8,"gammaerror":8,"va3":8,"z":8,"csmetamict":12,"commentcrystal":8,"twinning":8,"tranglide":8,"parting":8,"epitaxidescription":8,"morphology":8,"tlform":8,"hmin":15,"hmax":16,"hardtype":8,"vhnmin":14,"vhnmax":14,"vhnerror":8,"vhng":8,"vhns":8,"commenthard":8,"dmeas":17,"dmeas2":18,"dcalc":14,"dmeaserror":8,"dcalcerror":8,"commentdense":8,"lustre":8,"lustretype":19,"commentluster":8,"diapheny":8,"streak":20,"colour":21,"commentcolor":8,"colors":8,"streak_colors":8,"luminescence":8,"uv":8,"cleavage":8,"cleavagetype":8,"fracturetype":8,"tenacity":22,"commentbreak":8,"opticaltype":8,"opticalsign":8,"opticalalpha":8,"opticalalpha2":8,"opticalalphaerror":8,"opticalbeta":8,"opticalbeta2":8,"opticalbetaerror":8,"opticalgamma":8,"opticalgamma2":8,"opticalgammaerror":8,"opticalomega":8,"opticalomega2":8,"opticalomegaerror":8,"opticalepsilon":8,"opticalepsilon2":8,"opticalepsilonerror":8,"opticaln":8,"opticaln2":8,"opticalnerror":8,"optical2vcalc":8,"optical2vcalc2":8,"optical2vcalcerror":8,"optical2vmeasured":8,"optical2vmeasured2":8,"optical2vmeasurederror":8,"rimin":8,"rimax":8,"opticaldispersion":8,"opticalpleochroism":8,"opticalpleochorismdesc":8,"opticalbirefringence":8,"opticalcomments":8,"opticalcolour":8,"opticalinternal":8,"opticaltropic":8,"opticalanisotropism":8,"opticalbireflectance":8,"opticalextinction":8,"opticalr":8,"specdispm":8,"ir":8,"electrical":8,"magnetism":8,"thermalbehaviour":8,"other":8,"industrial":8,"occurrence":8,"otheroccurrence":8,"type_specimen_store":8,"description_short":8,"aboutname":23,"rock_parent":8,"rock_parent2":8,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":8,"meteoritical_code":8,"updttime":24,"reviewed_at":8,"variety_of":8,"varieties":25,"group_members":34,"associates":35,"confused_with":105,"type_localities":106,"occurrence_total":107,"citations":108,"images":125,"structures":155,"synonyms":156,"language_names":204,"wikidata_qid":8,"texts":205},4225,"1:1:4225:9","cadabacd-29c5-4567-8568-ec806b0aa4c0","Wad",null,0,"mineral",2730,false,true,"0",1,6.5,"2.8","4.4","Dull,Earthy","Black, bluish black, brownish black, reddish brown, liver-brown","Black, bluish black, brownish black","brittle","Wad, wadd, and\u002For wadt were used as early miner's terms and used for various black mineral substances. The redundant name \"black wad\" has been frequently attributed to Richard Kirwan in his \u003Cem>Elements of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fem> (1784) but Kirwan mentioned, but did not cite, neither Josiah Wedgwood's (1783) analysis of \"black wadd\" nor contemporary experiments with wad by Joseph Banks, nor any earlier sources. (Wad had the unusual oxidizing power of causing an equal mixture of it and linseed oil to combust after an hour or two.) Kirwan did describe the material: \"One of the most remarkable ores of manganese is that called \u003Cem>black wad\u003C\u002Fem>; it is of a dark brown colour, partly in powder and partly indurated, and brittle.\" Earthy wad-like manganese minerals, of course, were used in glassmaking in ancient Rome and wads were used as pigments in prehistoric times. (Manganese metal was first isolated in impure form in 1774.) According to Thomas Robinson (1709), wad was also used relating to graphite by miners in the Westmoreland and Cumberland (Cumbria) regions of England. Robinson (1709) further indicated that the name \"wadt\" was used in Germany suggesting the black character of a substance. Jonathan Otley (1819) stated that a deed dated November 28, 1614, in Borrowdale, England referred to graphite as wad: \"... the several names of wad, black cawke, black lead, plumbago and graphite, by which this mineral has been successively designated...\"","2025-08-11 12:14:24",[26,31],{"id":27,"name":28,"entrytype":29,"csystem":8,"ima_formula":8,"mindat_formula":8,"hmin":8,"hmax":8,"dmeas":14,"dcalc":14,"primary_image_id":30},29875,"Cobalt-bearing Wad",2,2148,{"id":32,"name":33,"entrytype":29,"csystem":8,"ima_formula":8,"mindat_formula":8,"hmin":8,"hmax":8,"dmeas":14,"dcalc":14,"primary_image_id":8},29886,"Copper-bearing Wad",[],[36,46,55,63,72,80,89,96],{"id":37,"name":38,"entrytype":9,"csystem":39,"ima_formula":40,"mindat_formula":40,"hmin":41,"hmax":42,"dmeas":43,"dcalc":44,"primary_image_id":45},447,"Azurite","Monoclinic","Cu\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(CO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>",3.5,4,"3.77","3.834",29186,{"id":47,"name":48,"entrytype":9,"csystem":49,"ima_formula":50,"mindat_formula":50,"hmin":51,"hmax":51,"dmeas":52,"dcalc":53,"primary_image_id":54},783,"Bromargyrite","Isometric","AgBr",2.5,"6.474","6.477",3985,{"id":56,"name":57,"entrytype":9,"csystem":49,"ima_formula":58,"mindat_formula":58,"hmin":59,"hmax":51,"dmeas":60,"dcalc":61,"primary_image_id":62},1014,"Chlorargyrite","AgCl",1.5,"5.556","5.57",29437,{"id":64,"name":65,"entrytype":9,"csystem":39,"ima_formula":66,"mindat_formula":66,"hmin":67,"hmax":68,"dmeas":69,"dcalc":70,"primary_image_id":71},1134,"Coronadite","Pb(Mn\u003Csup>4+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>6\u003C\u002Fsub>Mn\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>)O\u003Csub>16\u003C\u002Fsub>",4.5,5,"5.246","5.45",6336,{"id":73,"name":74,"entrytype":9,"csystem":75,"ima_formula":76,"mindat_formula":76,"hmin":59,"hmax":29,"dmeas":77,"dcalc":78,"primary_image_id":79},2037,"Iodargyrite","Hexagonal","AgI","5.69","5.709",12267,{"id":81,"name":82,"entrytype":9,"csystem":83,"ima_formula":84,"mindat_formula":85,"hmin":42,"hmax":42,"dmeas":86,"dcalc":87,"primary_image_id":88},2108,"Johnwalkite","Orthorhombic","K(Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Nb,Ta)O\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> · 2(H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O,OH)","K(Mn\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Fe\u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(Nb\u003Csup>5+\u003C\u002Fsup>,Ta\u003Csup>5+\u003C\u002Fsup>)(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>·2(H\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O,OH)","3.40","3.44",12679,{"id":90,"name":91,"entrytype":9,"csystem":39,"ima_formula":92,"mindat_formula":92,"hmin":41,"hmax":42,"dmeas":93,"dcalc":94,"primary_image_id":95},2550,"Malachite","Cu\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(CO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)(OH)\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.6","4",30149,{"id":97,"name":98,"entrytype":9,"csystem":99,"ima_formula":100,"mindat_formula":100,"hmin":51,"hmax":101,"dmeas":102,"dcalc":103,"primary_image_id":104},3794,"Stolzite","Tetragonal","Pb(WO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)",3,"8.34","8.408",22981,[],[],1445,[109,113,117,121],{"id":110,"year":111,"html":112,"doi":8},16127641,1709,"Robinson, Thomas (1709) An Essay Towards a Natural History of Westmoreland and Cumberland, Freeman, pp 95.",{"id":114,"year":115,"html":116,"doi":8},16127642,1783,"Wedgwood, Josiah (1783) Some Experiments upon the Ochra Friabilis Nigro Fusca of Da Costa... and called by the Miners of Derbyshire, Black Wadd, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, p. 284-287.",{"id":118,"year":119,"html":120,"doi":8},16127643,1819,"Otley, Jonathan\u003C\u002Fstrong> (1819) Account of the Black-Lead Mine in Borrowdale Cumberland, Memoirs of the Literary & Philosophical Society Manchester, v. 3 series 2 : 168-175.",{"id":122,"year":123,"html":124,"doi":8},1118651,1944,"Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1944) \u003Ci>The System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (7th ed.) Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.",[126,136,146],{"id":127,"source_url":128,"license_code":129,"credit_html":130,"title":131,"description":132,"author":133,"original_width":134,"original_height":135},17932,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6275358","CC BY-SA 3.0","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6275358\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Wad - Hollerter Zug, Siegerland.jpg","Wad, pulvriges Gemenge weicher Manganoxide (meist \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fde.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrolusit\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"de:Pyrolusit\">Pyrolusit\u003C\u002Fa>) - Fundort: Hollerter Zug, Siegerland, Deutschland - Ausgestellt im Mineralogischen Museum Bonn","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike)",1500,1100,{"id":137,"source_url":138,"license_code":139,"credit_html":140,"title":141,"description":142,"author":143,"original_width":144,"original_height":145},27688,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8632822","Public domain","Unknown authorUnknown author, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8632822\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Pyrolusite - USGS ID Stose, GW 1425.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPyrolusite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Pyrolusite\">Pyrolusite\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWad\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Wad\">wad\u003C\u002Fa> -  B, earthy compact wad traversed by a sigmoid band that is of similar composition but has a rod like comb structure and radiate arrangement (the wad apparently is the process of changing to a compact and rod like psilomelane), from Doe Valley mine. Johnson County, Tennessee 1918. Plate 9-B in U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 737. 1923.","Unknown authorUnknown author",1400,1228,{"id":147,"source_url":148,"license_code":129,"credit_html":149,"title":150,"description":151,"author":152,"original_width":153,"original_height":154},27689,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10175389","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10175389\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Calcite-Wad-52573.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCalcite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Calcite\">Calcite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWad\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Wad\">Wad\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIdarado_Mine\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Idarado Mine\">Idarado Mine\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTelluride\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Telluride\">Telluride\u003C\u002Fa>, Ouray District (Uncompahgre District), San Miguel County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FColorado\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Colorado\">Colorado\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3660.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This old Colorado specimen came out of the Kaar Collection, and came with a label that identifies the coating on this calcite crystal as manganese dioxide - but with a question mark after it - so without testing it we cannot be sure that is what it is. At any rate, old Idarado specimens are quite rare on the market, and this is one. 6.9 x 1.5 x 0.9cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",206,600,[],[157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203],"Black Ocher","Black Wad","Bog Manganese","Brauner Eisenrahm","Earthy manganese","Earthy Ocher of Manganese","Groroilit","Groroilita","Groroilite","Hydrohausmannite (of Boldyrev)","Hydromanganit","Hydromanganita","Hydromanganite","Hydromanganosit","Hydromanganosita","Hydromanganosite","Hydropyrolusit","Hydropyrolusita","Hydropyrolusite","Hydroxybraunit","Hydroxybraunita","Hydroxybraunite","Magnesia friabilis terriformis","Mangangraphit","Mangangraphita","Mangangraphite","Manganomelan","Manganschaum","Manganschwärze","Manganseerz","Myrmangan","Ouatit","Ouatita","Ouatite","Pelagit","Pelagita","Pelagite","Reissacherita","Reissacherite","Schaumartiger Graphit","Schwarzes Braunsteinerz","Vad","Vod","Wadgraphit","Wadit","Wadita","Wadite",[],{"history":8,"applications":8}]