[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"minerals:one:4299":3},{"id":4,"longid":5,"guid":6,"name":7,"shortcode_ima":8,"entrytype":9,"entrytype_text":10,"varietyof":11,"synid":11,"polytypeof":11,"groupid":12,"weighting":13,"nolocadd":14,"blacklisted":14,"mindat_formula":15,"mindat_formula_note":11,"ima_formula":16,"elements":17,"sigelements":21,"key_elements":22,"impurities":23,"cim":24,"ima_status":25,"ima_notes":11,"ima_history":11,"approval_year":11,"publication_year":28,"discovery_year":29,"strunz10ed1":30,"strunz10ed2":31,"strunz10ed3":32,"strunz10ed4":33,"dana8ed1":34,"dana8ed2":35,"dana8ed3":36,"dana8ed4":37,"csystem":38,"cclass":39,"spacegroup":11,"spacegroupset":40,"a":41,"b":42,"c":43,"alpha":40,"beta":40,"gamma":40,"aerror":11,"berror":11,"cerror":11,"alphaerror":11,"betaerror":11,"gammaerror":11,"va3":11,"z":44,"csmetamict":14,"commentcrystal":45,"twinning":46,"tranglide":11,"parting":11,"epitaxidescription":47,"morphology":48,"tlform":11,"hmin":49,"hmax":50,"hardtype":11,"vhnmin":40,"vhnmax":40,"vhnerror":11,"vhng":11,"vhns":11,"commenthard":11,"dmeas":51,"dmeas2":52,"dcalc":53,"dmeaserror":11,"dcalcerror":54,"commentdense":11,"lustre":55,"lustretype":56,"commentluster":57,"diapheny":58,"streak":59,"colour":60,"commentcolor":11,"colors":61,"streak_colors":66,"luminescence":11,"uv":11,"cleavage":67,"cleavagetype":68,"fracturetype":69,"tenacity":11,"commentbreak":11,"opticaltype":70,"opticalsign":71,"opticalalpha":72,"opticalalpha2":40,"opticalalphaerror":11,"opticalbeta":73,"opticalbeta2":40,"opticalbetaerror":11,"opticalgamma":74,"opticalgamma2":40,"opticalgammaerror":11,"opticalomega":40,"opticalomega2":40,"opticalomegaerror":11,"opticalepsilon":40,"opticalepsilon2":40,"opticalepsilonerror":11,"opticaln":40,"opticaln2":40,"opticalnerror":11,"optical2vcalc":75,"optical2vcalc2":40,"optical2vcalcerror":11,"optical2vmeasured":76,"optical2vmeasured2":40,"optical2vmeasurederror":11,"rimin":77,"rimax":78,"opticaldispersion":79,"opticalpleochroism":11,"opticalpleochorismdesc":11,"opticalbirefringence":11,"opticalcomments":11,"opticalcolour":11,"opticalinternal":11,"opticaltropic":11,"opticalanisotropism":11,"opticalbireflectance":11,"opticalextinction":11,"opticalr":11,"specdispm":11,"ir":11,"electrical":11,"magnetism":11,"thermalbehaviour":80,"other":81,"industrial":11,"occurrence":11,"otheroccurrence":82,"type_specimen_store":11,"description_short":83,"aboutname":84,"rock_parent":11,"rock_parent2":11,"rock_root":9,"rock_bgs_code":11,"meteoritical_code":11,"updttime":85,"reviewed_at":11,"variety_of":11,"varieties":86,"group_members":87,"associates":112,"confused_with":161,"type_localities":162,"occurrence_total":169,"citations":170,"images":348,"structures":620,"synonyms":648,"language_names":660,"wikidata_qid":798,"texts":799},4299,"1:1:4299:0","4c61d9bc-bfe1-46b0-9dc5-6bd8198342af","Witherite","Wth",0,"mineral",null,29269,5641,false,"BaCO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","Ba(CO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)",[18,19,20],"Ba","O","C",[18,19,20],[18],",Ca,Sr,,","11.5.2",[26,27],"APPROVED","GRANDFATHERED",1784,"1789","5","A","B","15","14","1","3","2","Orthorhombic",8,"0","5.314","8.904","6.430",4,"Space Group: Pmcn (synthetic).","On {110}, universal.","Witherites in parallel growth on Barytocalcite (Blagill). Baryte on witherite, with baryte [010]{102} parallel with witherite [100]{011} and {031}; also otherwise oriented.","Crystals universally twinned on {110}, yielding pseudo-hexagonal dipyramids; also short prismatic [001] or tabular to lenticular with a convex base. Faces commonly rough and horizontally striated. Globular, tuberose, and botryoidal; structure columnar, granular, or coarse fibrous.",3,3.5,"4.289","4.293","4.26",2,"Vitreous, Resinous","Vitreous,Resinous","resinous on fractures","Transparent,Translucent","White","Colourless, white, greyish, light yellow; colourless in transmitted light.",[62,63,64,65],"colorless","white","gray","yellow",[63],"On {010} distinct; on {110} imperfect. Possibly also on {110} and {112}.","Distinct\u002FGood","Irregular\u002FUneven","Biaxial","-","1.529","1.676","1.677","8","16",1.529,1.677,"relatively weak","Inverts under CO2 pressure to a hexagonal (?), and then an isometric modification upon heating.","Soluble in dilute HCl.","Low-temperature hydrothermal veins.","The Ba analogue of strontianite and aragonite.\r\nFound in low-temperature hydrothermal vein deposits. \r\nForms a series with strontianite.\r\n\r\nCompare 'UM1974-03-CO:BaCaMg'.\r\n\r\nNote on the type locality: \r\nIt was for a long time assumed to be Alston Moor,...","Named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789 after William Withering (17 March 1741, Wellington, Shropshire, England - 6 October 1799, Birmingham), English physician and naturalist, who first described the mineral.","2026-04-18 16:39:55",[],[88,96,104],{"id":89,"name":90,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":91,"mindat_formula":92,"hmin":50,"hmax":44,"dmeas":93,"dcalc":94,"primary_image_id":95},307,"Aragonite","Ca(CO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)","CaCO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","2.947","2.944",29132,{"id":97,"name":98,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":99,"mindat_formula":100,"hmin":49,"hmax":50,"dmeas":101,"dcalc":102,"primary_image_id":103},934,"Cerussite","Pb(CO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)","PbCO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","6.53","6.558",5045,{"id":105,"name":106,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":107,"mindat_formula":108,"hmin":50,"hmax":50,"dmeas":109,"dcalc":110,"primary_image_id":111},3805,"Strontianite","Sr(CO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>)","SrCO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.74","3.722",23055,[113,121,128,138,145,153],{"id":114,"name":115,"entrytype":9,"csystem":116,"ima_formula":117,"mindat_formula":117,"hmin":118,"hmax":118,"dmeas":40,"dcalc":119,"primary_image_id":120},112,"Alforsite","Hexagonal","Ba\u003Csub>5\u003C\u002Fsub>(PO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>Cl",5,"4.80",633,{"id":122,"name":123,"entrytype":9,"csystem":38,"ima_formula":124,"mindat_formula":125,"hmin":49,"hmax":49,"dmeas":126,"dcalc":126,"primary_image_id":127},549,"Baryte","Ba(SO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>)","BaSO\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>","4.50",2758,{"id":129,"name":130,"entrytype":9,"csystem":131,"ima_formula":132,"mindat_formula":133,"hmin":134,"hmax":134,"dmeas":135,"dcalc":136,"primary_image_id":137},42782,"Cerchiaraite-(Al)","Tetragonal","Ba\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>12\u003C\u002Fsub>)O\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>Cl\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>[Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>]","Ba\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>Al\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>12\u003C\u002Fsub>)[Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>]Cl ",4.5,"3.69","3.643",5009,{"id":139,"name":140,"entrytype":9,"csystem":131,"ima_formula":141,"mindat_formula":142,"hmin":134,"hmax":134,"dmeas":11,"dcalc":143,"primary_image_id":144},42784,"Cerchiaraite-(Fe)","Ba\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>12\u003C\u002Fsub>)O\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>Cl\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>[Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>]","Ba\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>Fe\u003Csup>3+\u003C\u002Fsup>\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(Si\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>12\u003C\u002Fsub>)[Si\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>O\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>(OH)\u003Csub>4\u003C\u002Fsub>]Cl ","3.710",5010,{"id":146,"name":147,"entrytype":9,"csystem":148,"ima_formula":149,"mindat_formula":149,"hmin":44,"hmax":44,"dmeas":150,"dcalc":151,"primary_image_id":152},1576,"Fluorite","Isometric","CaF\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>","3.175","3.181",29727,{"id":154,"name":155,"entrytype":9,"csystem":148,"ima_formula":156,"mindat_formula":156,"hmin":157,"hmax":157,"dmeas":158,"dcalc":159,"primary_image_id":160},1641,"Galena","PbS",2.5,"7.60","7.57",9582,[],[163],{"id":164,"txt":165,"latitude":166,"longitude":167,"country":168},240772,"Anglezarke Mines, Anglezarke, Chorley, Lancashire, England, UK",53.645392,-2.5592014,"UK",274,[171,174,177,180,184,187,191,195,200,204,208,213,217,221,224,229,233,237,241,244,248,252,256,259,263,267,272,276,280,284,288,292,296,300,304,308,311,315,320,325,330,334,338,343],{"id":172,"year":11,"html":173,"doi":11},16512142,"Cotterell, T.F. (2022). Pondering the discovery of aerated ponderous spar: The type locality and early history of witherite. Journal of the Russell Society, 25, 10-56.",{"id":175,"year":28,"html":176,"doi":11},16128152,"Withering, W. (1784) Experiments and observations on the Terra Ponderosa, &c. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: 293-311 (as Terra ponderosa aerata).",{"id":178,"year":28,"html":179,"doi":11},16128183,"Withering, W. (1784) Experiments and observations on the Terra Ponderosa, &c. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: 293-311",{"id":181,"year":182,"html":183,"doi":11},16128153,1790,"Watt (1790) Mem. Manchester Society: 3: 599 (as Aerated Barytes).",{"id":185,"year":182,"html":186,"doi":11},16128154,"Werner (1790) Bergmaaennusches Journal, Freiberg (Neues Bergmannische Journal): 2: 225 (as Witherit).",{"id":188,"year":189,"html":190,"doi":11},16131691,1794,"Richard Kirwan (1794) \u003Ci>Elements of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> - second edition Vol. 1. P. Elmsly, The Strand.",{"id":192,"year":193,"html":194,"doi":11},16128156,1874,"Des Cloizeaux, A. (1874) Manuel de minéralogie. 2 volumes and Atlas, Paris. volume 2: 75.",{"id":196,"year":197,"html":198,"doi":199},399198,1882,"Bourgeois, Léon (1882) Reproduction artificielle de la withérite, de la strontianite et de la calcite. \u003Ci>Bulletin de Minéralogie\u003C\u002Fi>,  5 (4) 111-112 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3406\u002Fbulmi.1882.1721'>doi:10.3406\u002Fbulmi.1882.1721\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3406\u002Fbulmi.1882.1721",{"id":201,"year":202,"html":203,"doi":11},1118647,1892,"Dana, Edward Salisbury; Dana, James Dwight (1892) \u003Ci>A System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.",{"id":205,"year":206,"html":207,"doi":11},16128157,1894,"Jackson, H. (1894) Observations on the nature of phosphorescence. Journal of the Chemical Society, London: 65: 734-744. (luminescence)",{"id":209,"year":210,"html":211,"doi":212},17079530,1895,"Mallard, Ernest (1895) Sur l'alstonite et la barytocalcite. \u003Ci>Bulletin de la Société Française de Minéralogie\u003C\u002Fi>,  18 (1) 7-12 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3406\u002Fbulmi.1895.2369'>doi:10.3406\u002Fbulmi.1895.2369\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.persee.fr\u002FdocAsPDF\u002Fbulmi_0366-3248_1895_num_18_1_2369.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3406\u002Fbulmi.1895.2369",{"id":214,"year":215,"html":216,"doi":11},16128159,1900,"Bary, P. (1900) Fluorescence de certains composés metalliques soumis aux rayons Röntgen et Becquerel. Comptes rendus de l’Académie des sciences de Paris: 130: 776.",{"id":218,"year":219,"html":220,"doi":11},16128160,1903,"Kunz, G.F., Baskerville, C. (1903) The action of radium, Roentgen rays and ultra-violet light on minerals and gems. Science: 769-783.",{"id":222,"year":219,"html":223,"doi":11},16128161,"Mügge, O. (1903) Die regelmässige Verwachsungen von Mineralien verschiedener Art. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaeontologie, 16th Beilage-Band: 335-475 (339).",{"id":225,"year":226,"html":227,"doi":228},14969746,1906,"Boeke, H. E. (1906) Über das Verhalten von Baryum- und von Calciumkarbonat bei hohen Temperaturen. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie\u003C\u002Fi>, 50 (1) 244-248 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Fzaac.19060500123'>doi:10.1002\u002Fzaac.19060500123\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1002\u002Fzaac.19060500123",{"id":230,"year":231,"html":232,"doi":11},17557086,1908,"Groth, P. (1908) \u003Ci>Chemische Krystallographie\u003C\u002Fi> Vol. 2. Wilhem Engelmann. \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Farchive.org\u002Fdownload\u002Fchemischekrystal02grotuoft\u002Fchemischekrystal02grotuoft.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":234,"year":235,"html":236,"doi":11},16128164,1913,"Boeke, H.E. (1913) Fusion of Carbonates under Carbon Dioxide Pressure II. Mittheilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Halle: 3: 1-12.",{"id":238,"year":239,"html":240,"doi":11},16102317,1915,"Carruthers, R.G., Eastwood, T., Wilson, G.V., Pocock, R.W., and Wray, D.A. (1915) Barytes and witherite. Special Report of the Mineral Resources of Great Britain vol. 2, Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain.",{"id":242,"year":239,"html":243,"doi":11},16128165,"Samojloff, J. (1915) Über die Modifikationen des Witherits beim Erhitzen. Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Stuttgart: 161-163.",{"id":245,"year":246,"html":247,"doi":11},16128166,1921,"Madelung, E., Fuchs, R. (1921) Kompressibilitätsmessungen an festen Körpern (Compressibility measurements on solid bodies). Annalen der Physik, Halle, Leipzig: 65: 289-309.",{"id":249,"year":250,"html":251,"doi":11},4468631,1923,"(1923) \u003Ci>Atlas Der Krystallformen\u003C\u002Fi> Vol. 9 - Text - Band IX - Trechmannit-Zoisit und Nachträge. Carl Winters Universitätsbuchhandlung, Heidelberg.",{"id":253,"year":254,"html":255,"doi":11},16105057,1926,"Hintze, Carl (1926) Handbuch der Mineralogie. Berlin and Leipzig. 6 volumes: 1[3A]: 3045.",{"id":257,"year":254,"html":258,"doi":11},16124561,"Szebellédy (1926) Inaugural Dissertation, Budapest [Min. Abs.: 3: 261 (1927)].",{"id":260,"year":261,"html":262,"doi":11},16128169,1928,"Wilson (1928) Physical Review, a Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics: 31: 305.",{"id":264,"year":265,"html":266,"doi":11},519851,1931,"Cork, J. M., Gerhard, S. L. (1931) Crystal structure of the series of barium and strontium carbonates. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  16 (2) 71-77 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM16\u002FAM16_71.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":268,"year":269,"html":270,"doi":271},104879,1934,"Köhler, A., Leitmeier, H. (1934) Die natürliche Thermolumineszenz bei Mineralien und Gesteinen. \u003Ci>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie\u003C\u002Fi>,  87 (1). 146-180 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1524\u002Fzkri.1934.87.1.146'>doi:10.1524\u002Fzkri.1934.87.1.146\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1524\u002Fzkri.1934.87.1.146",{"id":273,"year":274,"html":275,"doi":11},16128170,1935,"Colby and LaCoste (1935) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 90: 1.",{"id":277,"year":278,"html":279,"doi":11},16128171,1937,"Hackspill and Wolf (1937) Comptes rendus de l’Académie des sciences de Paris: 204: 1820.",{"id":281,"year":282,"html":283,"doi":11},16128172,1946,"Faivre, R. (1946) Etude, par diffraction des rayons X, des carbonates mixtes de calcium et de baryum. Comptes rendus de l’Académie des sciences de Paris: 222: 227-229.",{"id":285,"year":286,"html":287,"doi":11},16128173,1947,"Sidorenko, A.V. (1947) The genesis of witherites of the western Kopet-Dag. Doklady Acad. Sci. URSS, Earth Science Section: 55: 149-151.",{"id":289,"year":290,"html":291,"doi":11},1118652,1951,"Palache, Charles; Berman, Harry; Frondel, Clifford (1951) \u003Ci>The System of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. John Wiley and Sons.",{"id":293,"year":294,"html":295,"doi":11},16128175,1952,"Vultée, J.von (1952) Orientierten Verwachsungen der Mineralien. Fortschritte der Mineralogie: 29-30: 297-378.",{"id":297,"year":298,"html":299,"doi":11},525630,1971,"de Villiers, Johan P. R. (1971) Crystal structures of aragonite, strontianite, and witherite. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  56 (5-6) 758-767 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM56\u002FAM56_758.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":301,"year":302,"html":303,"doi":11},527274,1979,"Baldasari, Arthur, Speer, J. Alexander (1979) Witherite composition, physical properties, and genesis. \u003Ci>American Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  64 (7-8) 742-747 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='http:\u002F\u002Fwww.minsocam.org\u002Fammin\u002FAM64\u002FAM64_742.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":305,"year":306,"html":307,"doi":11},16124570,1983,"Speer, J.A. (1983) Crystal chemistry and phase relations of orthorhombic carbonates. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Mineralogical Society of America: 11(1): 145–190.",{"id":309,"year":306,"html":310,"doi":11},17002114,"Reeder, R.J. (Ed.) (1983) Carbonates: Mineralogy and Geochemistry. \u003Ci>Reviews in Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi> Vol. 11. Mineralogical Society of America",{"id":312,"year":313,"html":314,"doi":11},16128178,1986,"Chamberlain, S.C., Dossert, W.P. (1986) A new paragenesis and new localities for witherite. \u003Ci>The Canadian Mineralogist\u003C\u002Fi>,  24 (1). 79-90",{"id":316,"year":317,"html":318,"doi":319},403909,1988,"Jarosch, Dietmar, Heger, Gernot (1988) Neutron diffraction investigation of strontianite, SrCO3. \u003Ci>Bulletin de Minéralogie\u003C\u002Fi>,  111 (2) 139-142 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3406\u002Fbulmi.1988.8078'>doi:10.3406\u002Fbulmi.1988.8078\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3406\u002Fbulmi.1988.8078",{"id":321,"year":322,"html":323,"doi":324},152229,1994,"Kiseleva, I.A., Kotelnikov, A.R., Martynov, K.V., Ogorodova, L.P., Kabalov, Ju.K. (1994) Thermodynamic properties of strontianite-witherite solid solution (Sr,Ba)CO3. \u003Ci>Physics and Chemistry of Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  21 (6). 392-400 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fbf00203297'>doi:10.1007\u002Fbf00203297\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1007\u002Fbf00203297",{"id":326,"year":327,"html":328,"doi":329},127551,1997,"Böttcher, Michael E., Gehlken, Peer-Lennart, Fernández-González, Ángeles, Prieto, Manuel (1997) Characterization of synthetic BaCO3 – SrCO3 (witherite-strontianite) solid-solutions by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. \u003Ci>European Journal of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>,  9 (3) 519-528 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F9\u002F3\u002F0519'>doi:10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F9\u002F3\u002F0519\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1127\u002Fejm\u002F9\u002F3\u002F0519",{"id":331,"year":332,"html":333,"doi":11},16128180,2000,"Holl, C.M., Smyth, J.R., Laustsen, H.M.S., Jacobsen, S.D., Downs, R.T. (2000), Compression of witherite to 8 GPa and the crystal structure of BaCO3-II: Physics and Chemistry of Minerals: 27: 467-473.",{"id":335,"year":336,"html":337,"doi":11},16968145,2005,"(2005) Witherite. \u003Ci>Handbook of Mineralogy\u003C\u002Fi>. Mineralogical Society of America \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fwitherite.pdf' class='refpdflink'>\u003C\u002Fa>",{"id":339,"year":340,"html":341,"doi":342},16124573,2011,"Sánchez-Pastor, Nuria, Gigler, Alexander M., Jordan, Guntram, Schmahl, Wolfgang W., Fernández-Díaz, Lurdes (2011) Raman Study of Synthetic Witherite–Strontianite Solid Solutions. \u003Ci>Spectroscopy Letters\u003C\u002Fi>,  44 (7-8). 500-504 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F00387010.2011.610409'>doi:10.1080\u002F00387010.2011.610409\u003C\u002Fa>","10.1080\u002F00387010.2011.610409",{"id":344,"year":345,"html":346,"doi":347},16899214,2023,"Alves, Julliana F., Edwards, Howell G. M., Korsakov, Andrey, Oliveira, Luiz Fernando C. (2023) Revisiting the Raman Spectra of Carbonate Minerals. \u003Ci>Minerals\u003C\u002Fi>,  13 (11) 1358 \u003Ca target='_blank' href='https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fmin13111358'>doi:10.3390\u002Fmin13111358\u003C\u002Fa>","10.3390\u002Fmin13111358",[349,358,365,370,380,385,392,397,405,413,418,426,433,438,445,452,460,468,476,482,489,495,502,509,516,522,529,536,545,553,560,570,579,585,591,598,603,610],{"id":350,"source_url":351,"license_code":352,"credit_html":353,"title":354,"description":355,"author":356,"original_width":357,"original_height":357},28140,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956322","Public domain","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956322\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherite Barium carbonate South Moor Colliery Durham England.jpg","These mineral images are free to use how you wish.","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com",640,{"id":359,"source_url":360,"license_code":361,"credit_html":362,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":363,"original_height":364},30981,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65216","CC BY-SA 4.0","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65216\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",882,1000,{"id":366,"source_url":367,"license_code":352,"credit_html":368,"title":369,"description":355,"author":356,"original_width":357,"original_height":357},86216,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956321","Dave Dyet http:\u002F\u002Fwww.shutterstone.com http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dyet.com, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=1956321\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherite Barium carbonate Cumberland England 1920.jpg",{"id":371,"source_url":372,"license_code":373,"credit_html":374,"title":375,"description":376,"author":377,"original_width":378,"original_height":379},28141,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159571","CC BY-SA 3.0","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10159571\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherite-203177.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWitherite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Witherite\">Witherite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Fallowfield Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAcomb\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Acomb\">Acomb\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTyne_Valley\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Tyne Valley\">Tyne Valley\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNorthumberland\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Northumberland\">Northumberland\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEngland\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:England\">England\u003C\u002Fa>, UK (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-1598.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 9.9 x 7.4 x 4.8 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>According to the accompanying label, this large, old and super-rich specimen of English witherite spent time in the collection of the Geology Department of Upsala College probably in the 1800s or early 1900s. The massed, frosty crystals rise 3.5 cm to their pointed terminations.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Robert M. Lavinsky",600,417,{"id":381,"source_url":382,"license_code":361,"credit_html":383,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":364,"original_height":384},30982,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F91992","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F91992\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",840,{"id":386,"source_url":387,"license_code":373,"credit_html":388,"title":389,"description":390,"author":377,"original_width":378,"original_height":391},28142,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161174","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161174\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherite-214785.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWitherite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Witherite\">Witherite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Settlingstones Mine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFourstones\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Fourstones\">Fourstones\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTyne_Valley\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Tyne Valley\">Tyne Valley\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNorthumberland\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Northumberland\">Northumberland\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEngland\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:England\">England\u003C\u002Fa>, UK (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-1600.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 14.5 x 7.0 x 5.9 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>An impressive, mounded cabinet specimen of glassy, translucent, tan witherite crystals from a classic England locality - the Settlingstones Mine, Northumberland. This excellent, two-sided piece is very nearly pristine, with only very trivial bruising in a couple of places. Historic, old-time material, probably around 100 years old or older.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",486,{"id":393,"source_url":394,"license_code":361,"credit_html":395,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":364,"original_height":396},30983,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65201","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65201\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",949,{"id":398,"source_url":399,"license_code":373,"credit_html":400,"title":401,"description":402,"author":403,"original_width":404,"original_height":332},86217,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6683528","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6683528\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherit.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWitherite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Witherite\">Witherite\u003C\u002Fa>","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike)",2700,{"id":406,"source_url":407,"license_code":373,"credit_html":408,"title":409,"description":410,"author":377,"original_width":411,"original_height":412},28143,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10441584","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10441584\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherite-mrz225b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWitherite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Witherite\">Witherite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Minerva Mine, Cave-in-Rock, Hardin County, Illinois\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 5.5 x 4.1 x 3.6 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Witherite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A very fine crystal, doubly-terminated, complete-all-around, and translucent, perched on a natural pedestal in its middle. Ex. Martin Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",367,400,{"id":414,"source_url":415,"license_code":361,"credit_html":416,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":364,"original_height":417},30984,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65213","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65213\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",750,{"id":419,"source_url":420,"license_code":373,"credit_html":421,"title":422,"description":423,"author":424,"original_width":254,"original_height":425},86218,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8746819","H. Zell, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=8746819\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherit 01.jpg","Witherite, Barium carbonate, BaCO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>; Hexham, Northumberland, U.K.; Collection of the Institute of Mineralogy,  University Tübingen. Used in homeopathy as remedy: Barium carbonicum (Bar-c.)","H. Zell",1445,{"id":427,"source_url":428,"license_code":373,"credit_html":429,"title":430,"description":431,"author":377,"original_width":432,"original_height":412},28144,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10443326","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10443326\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherite-4aa2b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWitherite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Witherite\">Witherite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Minerva Mine, Hardin County, Illinois\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: thumbnail, 2.5 x 2 x 1 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Witherite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Killer cluster of a witherite xl perched on a doubly-terminated xl below it. Only point of contact is on the backside\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",432,{"id":434,"source_url":435,"license_code":361,"credit_html":436,"title":7,"description":11,"author":11,"original_width":364,"original_height":437},30985,"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65150","Photo: Unknown author — http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby-sa\u002F4.0\u002F, courtesy of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeocollections.info\u002Ffile\u002F65150\" rel=\"noopener\">The Estonian Museum of Natural History\u003C\u002Fa> via Europeana",680,{"id":439,"source_url":440,"license_code":373,"credit_html":441,"title":442,"description":443,"author":377,"original_width":378,"original_height":444},86219,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10127343","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10127343\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherite-39599.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWitherite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Witherite\">Witherite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Pigeon Roost Mine (Pigeon Roost Mountain prospect), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGlenwood\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Glenwood\">Glenwood\u003C\u002Fa>, Montgomery County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FArkansas\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Arkansas\">Arkansas\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-18435.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A superb example of this very rare witherite find, from the mid-1970s. This rich specimen chock-covered in bladed crystals is among the best I have seen for the locality and frankly, many people think these rare Arkansas witherites to be the best of species as they are much more sharply crystallized than most Illinois or English examples....and just as hard if not harder to obtain. It is a remarkable large specimen, probably 50 or 60 years out of the ground. It is complete but for only two broken crystals in the lower-center part of the piece as shown, and that does not really detract much especially given the size and significance. INTERESTING NOTE FROM A FRIEND: The deposit operated by National Lead's Baroid division was only worked for about a year before the area was reclaimed. It occurs with barite and acicular barytocalcite but they seldom occur in the same specimen. I saw the whole lot of specimens collected by the mining engineer (probably only about 30 specimens) and got the best for the Houston Museum. I wrote the occurrence up in Lapidary Journal and can send you a copy if you wish. Art Smith 12.9 x 12 x 5.5 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",499,{"id":446,"source_url":447,"license_code":373,"credit_html":448,"title":449,"description":450,"author":377,"original_width":451,"original_height":412},28145,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10453577","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10453577\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherite-mrz342b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWitherite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Witherite\">Witherite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Pigeon Roost Mine (Pigeon Roost Mountain prospect), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGlenwood\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Glenwood\">Glenwood\u003C\u002Fa>, Montgomery County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FArkansas\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Arkansas\">Arkansas\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-18435.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 5.8 x 4.4 x 1.5 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Witherite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Witherites from the Pigeon Roost Mine are easily distinguished from other areas by their bladed to tabular form, glassy luster, along with a snow white color. This is a particularly fine example! Rare and old, collected in the 1950s and 1960s\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",176,{"id":453,"source_url":454,"license_code":373,"credit_html":455,"title":456,"description":457,"author":377,"original_width":458,"original_height":459},86220,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10130300","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10130300\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherite-41069.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWitherite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Witherite\">Witherite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Mahoning No. 1 Mine (Minerva No. 1 Mine), Ozark-Mahoning Group, Cave-in-Rock Sub-District, Illinois - Kentucky Fluorspar District, Hardin County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIllinois\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Illinois\">Illinois\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3754.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This is a fine example of a classic Illinois witherite, in a nice size. While they can be really dull, this one shows a fine luster bouncing off the stepped faces. (Fluorescent LW and SW, white.) 4.9 x 3.7 x 3.2 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",584,700,{"id":461,"source_url":462,"license_code":373,"credit_html":463,"title":464,"description":465,"author":377,"original_width":466,"original_height":467},28146,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10461809","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10461809\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherite-rh1-48a.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWitherite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Witherite\">Witherite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Minerva Mine, Cave-in-Rock, Hardin County, Illinois\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 4.2 x 4.1 x 2.3 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Witherite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Most witherite specimens in the market exhibit a long prismatic form ending in a pinacoid. This complete crystal is short prismatic and the pinacoid is much broader. It is lustrous, translucent, and has a pleasing, pastel tan coloration. VERY FINE miniature for this now defunct locality, of one of its rare minerals\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",800,778,{"id":469,"source_url":470,"license_code":373,"credit_html":471,"title":472,"description":473,"author":377,"original_width":474,"original_height":475},86221,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10133120","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10133120\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherite-48305.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWitherite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Witherite\">Witherite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Alston Moor District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNorth_Pennines\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:North Pennines\">North Pennines\u003C\u002Fa>, North and Western Region (Cumberland), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCumbria\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cumbria\">Cumbria\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEngland\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:England\">England\u003C\u002Fa>, UK (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-25857.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>For the species, you will be hard-pressed to find Witherite with such fine form and luster in any size. As a thumbnail specimen in particular its amazing for hte large crystal on balanced matrix, that still (barely) fits in teh TN box. The matrix on the back actually adds strength and protection to the crystal, and there is only the most minor bruising. A terrific specimen. Barely squeezes into TN box diagonal... 3.8 x 2.5 x 1.2 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",507,799,{"id":477,"source_url":478,"license_code":373,"credit_html":479,"title":480,"description":465,"author":377,"original_width":412,"original_height":481},28147,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10461810","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10461810\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherite-rh1-48b.jpg",377,{"id":483,"source_url":484,"license_code":373,"credit_html":485,"title":486,"description":487,"author":377,"original_width":488,"original_height":412},86222,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10147886","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10147886\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherite-162501.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWitherite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Witherite\">Witherite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Denton mine, Goose Creek Mine Group, Harris Creek Sub-District, Illinois - Kentucky Fluorspar District, Hardin County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIllinois\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Illinois\">Illinois\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-3756.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 5.9 x 5.0 x 2.9 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>I love the PERFECT textbook form of this CLASSIC American witherite crystal! It measures 2.7 cm, and sits perfectly framed by a shell of matrix on which it formed. It is translucent and lustrous - hard to find them this good!\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",380,{"id":490,"source_url":491,"license_code":373,"credit_html":492,"title":493,"description":390,"author":377,"original_width":459,"original_height":494},86224,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161173","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161173\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherite-214784.jpg",385,{"id":496,"source_url":497,"license_code":373,"credit_html":498,"title":499,"description":500,"author":377,"original_width":378,"original_height":501},86225,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161629","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10161629\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherite-216507.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWitherite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Witherite\">Witherite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Rosiclare Sub-District, Illinois - Kentucky Fluorspar District, Hardin County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIllinois\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Illinois\">Illinois\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-9023.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 6.4 x 5.4 x 3.4 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Two sharp pseudohexagonal crystals of witherite, both complete and terminated, on a field of calcite and smaller witherite. A Hardin County classic. Ex. Jaime Bird Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",480,{"id":503,"source_url":504,"license_code":373,"credit_html":505,"title":506,"description":507,"author":377,"original_width":412,"original_height":508},86226,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10170582","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10170582\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherite-270121.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWitherite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Witherite\">Witherite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Pigeon Roost Mine (Pigeon Roost Mountain prospect), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGlenwood\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Glenwood\">Glenwood\u003C\u002Fa>, Montgomery County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FArkansas\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Arkansas\">Arkansas\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-18435.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: 5.8 x 4.4 x 1.5 cm.\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Witherites from the Pigeon Roost Mine are easily distinguished from other areas by their bladed to tabular form, glassy luster, along with a snow white color. This is a particularly fine example. Rare and old, collected in the 1950s and 1960s. Ex. Martin Zinn Collection.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",364,{"id":510,"source_url":511,"license_code":373,"credit_html":512,"title":513,"description":514,"author":377,"original_width":515,"original_height":412},86227,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10400315","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10400315\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherite-zr48c.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWitherite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Witherite\">Witherite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Minerva Mine, Cave In Rock, Hardin Co., Illinois\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 5.2 x 2.9 x 2\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Witherite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>A superb, elegantly tapered crystal of witherite the likes of which you seldom see in terms of form and perfection. It is 3-dimensional, equant and complete all around. It has just a minor contact point on the back, at the \"pinch.\" Otherwise, it is a floater. The crystal is translucent: a quality that is seldom seen in the species for crystals of this size. This very old witherite specimen, from teh 1940s or earlier, comes from the very early days of mining at the Minerva Mine. It was sold to colorado collector E.M. Gunnell in 1951 and his label remains with the piece. 5.2 x 2.9 x 2,4 cm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",375,{"id":517,"source_url":518,"license_code":373,"credit_html":519,"title":520,"description":410,"author":377,"original_width":378,"original_height":521},86228,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10441583","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10441583\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherite-mrz225a.jpg",532,{"id":523,"source_url":524,"license_code":373,"credit_html":525,"title":526,"description":527,"author":377,"original_width":528,"original_height":412},86230,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10463408","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10463408\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherite-sn26a.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWitherite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Witherite\">Witherite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: North and Western Region (Cumberland), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCumbria\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cumbria\">Cumbria\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEngland\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:England\">England\u003C\u002Fa>, UK (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-25832.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: thumbnail, 2.4 x 2.2 x 1.8 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Witherite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Classic oldtime witherite from this important old locale! INCREDIBLE snowy-white, stark color!.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",351,{"id":530,"source_url":531,"license_code":373,"credit_html":532,"title":533,"description":534,"author":377,"original_width":535,"original_height":412},86231,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10465355","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10465355\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherite-t07-56b.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWitherite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Witherite\">Witherite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Pigeon Roost Mine (Pigeon Roost Mountain prospect), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGlenwood\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Glenwood\">Glenwood\u003C\u002Fa>, Montgomery County, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FArkansas\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Arkansas\">Arkansas\u003C\u002Fa>, USA (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-18435.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: miniature, 4.0 x 2.5 x 2.3 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Witherite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Because of their deviation, in form, from the standard witherites, these from the Pigeon Roost Mine have always had sort of a cult following (especially among Texas collectors who know their rarity!). Several, bladed, bicolored crystals are intergrown in an aesthetic manner here, makign for a nice miniature. The 4 cm crystals are lustrous and, at the terminations, get very gemmy. Old material from the late 1970s !\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",255,{"id":537,"source_url":538,"license_code":361,"credit_html":539,"title":540,"description":541,"author":542,"original_width":543,"original_height":544},86232,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=115511306","IPASCU, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=115511306\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","WHITERITE (BaCO3) AGREGATE FROM OSTRA QUARRY ROMANIA.jpg","Agregate cristaline de witherit (BaCO)3, prelevat di cariera Ostra, jud, Suceava, Romania","IPASCU",4032,2268,{"id":546,"source_url":547,"license_code":373,"credit_html":548,"title":549,"description":550,"author":403,"original_width":551,"original_height":552},3993,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6274480","Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike), via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=6274480\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherite - Cumberland, England.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWitherite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Witherite\">Witherite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Cumberland, England\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Exposed: In the Mineralogical Museum, Bonn, Germany\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Note: The mineral comes from the Carl Duisberg collection, which was made available to the Mineralogical Museum by Bayer AG in April 1954 as a permanent loan. On the original label it was described as bromellite from Cumberland\u002FEngland. Because of doubts to the correctness of the description, an X-ray diffraction study was carried out with the kind support of the museum director Renate Schumacher, which showed without a doubt that it was the mineral witherite from Cumberland. Confirmation of the information and analysis result is deposited in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fticket.wikimedia.org\u002Fotrs\u002Findex.pl?Action=AgentTicketZoom&TicketNumber=2012041610006747\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"ticket:2012041610006747\">VRT-Ticket 2012041610006747\u003C\u002Fa>.\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",1700,1300,{"id":554,"source_url":555,"license_code":373,"credit_html":556,"title":557,"description":558,"author":377,"original_width":412,"original_height":559},900,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10454669","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10454669\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Alstonite-Witherite-oldeuro-107c.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlstonite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Alstonite\">Alstonite\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWitherite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Witherite\">Witherite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Brownley Hill Mine (Bloomsberry Horse Level), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNenthead\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Nenthead\">Nenthead\u003C\u002Fa>, Alston Moor District, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNorth_Pennines\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:North Pennines\">North Pennines\u003C\u002Fa>, North and Western Region (Cumberland), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCumbria\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Cumbria\">Cumbria\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEngland\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:England\">England\u003C\u002Fa>, UK (\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Floc-1412.html\">Locality at mindat.org\u003C\u002Fa>)\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>Size: small cabinet, 9.7 x 4.1 x 3.7 cm\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdt>Alstonite with Witherite\u003C\u002Fdt>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>This rich specimen dates back to , I would expect, the heyday here in the mid-1800s. It is covered by very sharp, alstonites to 6mm. Atop is a 2-cm cluster of witherite, as well. I think the orange dot atop is the remnant of a very old glue label. In any case, its surprisingly an attractive specimen, although there is some value to the even more attractively prepared, and exhaustively descriptive, old labels!\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>",371,{"id":561,"source_url":562,"license_code":563,"credit_html":564,"title":565,"description":566,"author":567,"original_width":568,"original_height":569},18265,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84649426","CC BY 2.0","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84649426\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherite-calcite (Minerva Mine - 1, near Cave-in-Rock, Illinois, USA) 2 (34577882082).jpg","\u003Cp>Light-colored = witherite\nDark-colored = calcite\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 5200 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The carbonate minerals all contain one or more carbonate (CO3-2) anions.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Witherite is an uncommon barium carbonate mineral, BaCO3.  It has a nonmetallic, glassy to dull luster, varies in color from clear to white to grayish to yellowish to brownish to greenish, has a white streak, a hardness of 3 to 3.5, and is fairly heavy for its size.  Witherite readily bubbles in acid, as do many carbonate minerals.  Witherite forms transparent to translucent, columnar-shaped to prism-shaped orthorhombic crystals.  These crystals always grow parallel to each other, resulting in pseudohexagonal crystal forms.  Witherite does have cleavage, but the twinned nature of witherite crystals prevents easy examination of cleavage planes.  Other witherites are massive or granular or fibrous or botryoidal.  Perpendicular to the long axis of the pseudohexagonal crystals are obvious striations.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Witherite is a minor ore mineral of barium (the dominant source of Ba is the barium sulfate mineral barite).  Witherite is typically found in some low-temperature hydrothermal veins.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The witherite-calcite specimen shown here is from a Mississippi Valley-type deposit in southern Illinois.  Commonly abbreviated \"MVT\", Mississippi Valley-type deposits are named for a series of mineral deposits that occur in non-deformed platform sedimentary rocks along the Upper Mississippi River Valley, USA.  Many specific minerals occur in MVT deposits, but are dominated by galena, sphalerite, barite, and fluorite.  These minerals occur in caves and karst, paleokarst structures, in collapse fabrics, in pull-apart structures, etc.  MVT deposits in America are mined as important, large sources of lead ore and zinc ore.  The classic areas for MVT deposits are southern Illinois, the tristate area of Oklahoma-Missouri-Kansas, northern Kentucky, southwestern Wisconsin, and southeastern Missouri.  The minerals are hydrothermal in origin and were precipitated from basinal brines that were flushed out to the edges of large sedimentary basins (e.g., the Illinois Basin and the Black Warrior Basin).  In basin edge areas, the brines came into contact with Mississippian-aged carbonate rocks (limestone and dolostone), which caused mineralization.  The brines were 15% to 25% salinity with temperatures of 50 to 200 degrees Celsius (commonly 100 to 150 degrees C).  MVT mineralization usually occurs in limestone and dolostone but can also be hosted in shales, siltstones, sandstones, and conglomerates.  Gangue minerals include pyrite, marcasite, calcite, aragonite, dolomite, siderite, and quartz.  Up to 40 or 50 pulses of brine fluids are recorded in banding of mineral suites in MVT deposits (for example, sphalerite coatings in veins have a stratigraphy - each layer represents a pulse event).  Each pulse of water was probably expelled rapidly - overpressurization and friction likely caused the water to heat up.  Some bitumen (crystallized organic matter) can occur, which is an indication of the basinal origin of the brines.  The presence of asphalt-bitumen indicates some hydrocarbon migration occurred.  Some petroleum inclusions are found within fluorite crystals and petroleum scum occurs on fluorite crystals.  MVT deposits are associated with oil fields and the temperature of mineral precipitation matches the petroleum window.  The brines may simply have accompanied hydrocarbon fluids as they migrated updip.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The high temperatures of these basin periphery deposits wasn't necessarily influenced by igneous hydrothermal activity.  Hot fluids can occur in basins that are deep enough for the geothermal gradient to be ~100 to 150 degrees Celsius.  If a permeable conduit horizon is present in a succession of interbedded siliciclastic sedimentary rocks, migration of hot, deep basinal brines may be quick enough to get MVT deposit conditions at basin margins.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>MVT deposits occur in the Upper Mississippi Valley of America as well as in northern Africa, Scandinavia, northwestern Canada, at scattered sites in Europe, and at some sites in the American Cordillera.  Some of these occurrences are in deformed host rocks.  MVT deposits have little to no precious metals - maybe a little copper (Cu).  Mineralization is usually associated with limestone or dolostone in fracture fillings and vugs.  Little host rock alteration has occurred - usually only dolomitization of limestones.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The age of the host rocks in the Mississippi Valley area varies - it ranges from Cambrian to Mississippian.  Dating of mineralization has been difficult, but published ages indicate a near-latest Paleozoic to Mesozoic timing.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>MVT deposits in the Upper Mississippi River area are often divided into three subtypes based on the dominant mineral: 1) lead-rich (galena dominated); 2) zinc-rich (sphalerite dominated); and 3) fluorite-rich.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This mineral specimen is from the Illinois-Kentucky Fluorspar District (\"fluorspar\" is a very old name for fluorite), which is an MVT fluoritic subtype.  Fluorite and fluorite-rich rocks are mined for the fluorine, which is principally used by the chemical industry to make HF - hydrofluoric acid.  Fluorite mineralization in this district occurred at about 277 Ma, during the Early Permian, according to one published study (Chesley et al., 1994).  Another study concluded that fluorite mineralization was much later, during the Late Jurassic (see Symons, 1994).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: Bethel Level of the Minerva Mine # 1, near the town of Cave-in-Rock, Illinois, USA\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of witherite:\n<a href=\"\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=4299\">https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=4299\u003C\u002Fa>\" rel=\"nofollow\">www.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=4299<\u002Fa>\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Some info. on Mississippi Valley-type deposits was synthesized from:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Chesley et al. (1994) - Direct dating of Mississippi Valley-type mineralization: use of Sm-Nd in fluorite.  Economic Geology 89: 1192-1199.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Symons (1994) - Paleomagnetism and the Late Jurassic genesis of the Illinois-Kentucky fluorspar deposits.  Economic Geology 89: 438-449.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Rakovan (2006) - Mississippi Valley-type deposits.  Rocks & Minerals 81(January\u002FFebruary 2006): 69-71.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nFisher et al. (2013) - Fluorite in Mississippi Valley-type deposits.  Rocks & Minerals 88(January\u002FFebruary 2013): 20-47.","James St. John",4000,3000,{"id":571,"source_url":572,"license_code":361,"credit_html":573,"title":574,"description":575,"author":576,"original_width":577,"original_height":578},86233,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=128074027","Reinhard Kraasch, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=128074027\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherit mit Fluorit (RK 2206 P1890142).jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fde.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWitherit\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"de:Witherit\">Witherit\u003C\u002Fa> mit \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fde.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFluorit\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"de:Fluorit\">Fluorit\u003C\u002Fa> aus der Cave-in-Rock Mine, Illinois, USA – ausgestellt im \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fde.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMineralogisches_Museum_W%C3%BCrzburg\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"de:Mineralogisches Museum Würzburg\">Mineralogischen Museum Würzburg\u003C\u002Fa>","Reinhard Kraasch",2132,1600,{"id":580,"source_url":581,"license_code":373,"credit_html":582,"title":583,"description":558,"author":377,"original_width":466,"original_height":584},899,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10454668","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10454668\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Alstonite-Witherite-oldeuro-107a.jpg",434,{"id":586,"source_url":587,"license_code":373,"credit_html":588,"title":589,"description":558,"author":377,"original_width":412,"original_height":590},901,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10454670","Robert M. Lavinsky, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=10454670\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Alstonite-Witherite-oldeuro-107d.jpg",306,{"id":592,"source_url":593,"license_code":563,"credit_html":594,"title":595,"description":566,"author":567,"original_width":596,"original_height":597},18264,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84649424","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84649424\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherite-calcite (Minerva Mine - 1, near Cave-in-Rock, Illinois, USA) 1 (33897654154).jpg",3998,2879,{"id":599,"source_url":600,"license_code":563,"credit_html":601,"title":602,"description":566,"author":567,"original_width":568,"original_height":569},18266,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84649432","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84649432\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherite-calcite (Minerva Mine - 1, near Cave-in-Rock, Illinois, USA) 3 (34577873522).jpg",{"id":604,"source_url":605,"license_code":563,"credit_html":606,"title":607,"description":608,"author":567,"original_width":219,"original_height":609},18267,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84649445","James St. John, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=84649445\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherite (Hardin County, Illinois, USA) (39340194940).jpg","\u003Cp>(public display, Geology Department, Wittenberg University, Springfield, Ohio, USA)\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties.  At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical.  Currently, there are over 5200 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common.  Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry.  Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The carbonate minerals all contain one or more carbonate (CO3-2) anions.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Witherite is an uncommon barium carbonate mineral, BaCO3.  It has a nonmetallic, glassy to dull luster, varies in color from clear to white to grayish to yellowish to brownish to greenish, has a white streak, a hardness of 3 to 3.5, and is fairly heavy for its size.  Witherite readily bubbles in acid, as do many carbonate minerals.  Witherite forms transparent to translucent, columnar-shaped to prism-shaped orthorhombic crystals.  These crystals always grow parallel to each other, resulting in pseudohexagonal crystal forms.  Witherite does have cleavage, but the twinned nature of witherite crystals prevents easy examination of cleavage planes.  Other witherites are massive or granular or fibrous or botryoidal.  Perpendicular to the long axis of the pseudohexagonal crystals are obvious striations.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Witherite is a minor ore mineral of barium (the dominant source of Ba is the barium sulfate mineral barite).  Witherite is typically found in some low-temperature hydrothermal veins.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The witherite specimen shown here is from a Mississippi Valley-type deposit in southern Illinois.  Commonly abbreviated \"MVT\", Mississippi Valley-type deposits are named for a series of mineral deposits that occur in non-deformed platform sedimentary rocks along the Upper Mississippi River Valley, USA.  Many specific minerals occur in MVT deposits, but are dominated by galena, sphalerite, barite, and fluorite.  These minerals occur in caves and karst, paleokarst structures, in collapse fabrics, in pull-apart structures, etc.  MVT deposits in America are mined as important, large sources of lead ore and zinc ore.  The classic areas for MVT deposits are southern Illinois, the tristate area of Oklahoma-Missouri-Kansas, northern Kentucky, southwestern Wisconsin, and southeastern Missouri.  The minerals are hydrothermal in origin and were precipitated from basinal brines that were flushed out to the edges of large sedimentary basins (e.g., the Illinois Basin and the Black Warrior Basin).  In basin edge areas, the brines came into contact with Mississippian-aged carbonate rocks (limestone and dolostone), which caused mineralization.  The brines were 15% to 25% salinity with temperatures of 50 to 200 degrees Celsius (commonly 100 to 150 degrees C).  MVT mineralization usually occurs in limestone and dolostone but can also be hosted in shales, siltstones, sandstones, and conglomerates.  Gangue minerals include pyrite, marcasite, calcite, aragonite, dolomite, siderite, and quartz.  Up to 40 or 50 pulses of brine fluids are recorded in banding of mineral suites in MVT deposits (for example, sphalerite coatings in veins have a stratigraphy - each layer represents a pulse event).  Each pulse of water was probably expelled rapidly - overpressurization and friction likely caused the water to heat up.  Some bitumen (crystallized organic matter) can occur, which is an indication of the basinal origin of the brines.  The presence of asphalt-bitumen indicates some hydrocarbon migration occurred.  Some petroleum inclusions are found within fluorite crystals and petroleum scum occurs on fluorite crystals.  MVT deposits are associated with oil fields and the temperature of mineral precipitation matches the petroleum window.  The brines may simply have accompanied hydrocarbon fluids as they migrated updip.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The high temperatures of these basin periphery deposits wasn't necessarily influenced by igneous hydrothermal activity.  Hot fluids can occur in basins that are deep enough for the geothermal gradient to be ~100 to 150 degrees Celsius.  If a permeable conduit horizon is present in a succession of interbedded siliciclastic sedimentary rocks, migration of hot, deep basinal brines may be quick enough to get MVT deposit conditions at basin margins.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>MVT deposits occur in the Upper Mississippi Valley of America as well as in northern Africa, Scandinavia, northwestern Canada, at scattered sites in Europe, and at some sites in the American Cordillera.  Some of these occurrences are in deformed host rocks.  MVT deposits have little to no precious metals - maybe a little copper (Cu).  Mineralization is usually associated with limestone or dolostone in fracture fillings and vugs.  Little host rock alteration has occurred - usually only dolomitization of limestones.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The age of the host rocks in the Mississippi Valley area varies - it ranges from Cambrian to Mississippian.  Dating of mineralization has been difficult, but published ages indicate a near-latest Paleozoic to Mesozoic timing.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>MVT deposits in the Upper Mississippi River area are often divided into three subtypes based on the dominant mineral: 1) lead-rich (galena dominated); 2) zinc-rich (sphalerite dominated); and 3) fluorite-rich.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This mineral specimen is from the Illinois-Kentucky Fluorspar District (\"fluorspar\" is a very old name for fluorite), which is an MVT fluoritic subtype.  Fluorite and fluorite-rich rocks are mined for the fluorine, which is principally used by the chemical industry to make HF - hydrofluoric acid.  Fluorite mineralization in this district occurred at about 277 Ma, during the Early Permian, according to one published study (Chesley et al., 1994).  Another study concluded that fluorite mineralization was much later, during the Late Jurassic (see Symons, 1994).\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Locality: unrecorded\u002Fundisclosed site in the Cave-in-Rock Mining District, Hardin County, southern Illinois, USA\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Photo gallery of witherite:\n<a href=\"\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=4299\">https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=4299\u003C\u002Fa>\" rel=\"nofollow\">www.mindat.org\u002Fgallery.php?min=4299<\u002Fa>\n\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Cp>Some info. on Mississippi Valley-type deposits was synthesized from:\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Chesley et al. (1994) - Direct dating of Mississippi Valley-type mineralization: use of Sm-Nd in fluorite.  Economic Geology 89: 1192-1199.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Symons (1994) - Paleomagnetism and the Late Jurassic genesis of the Illinois-Kentucky fluorspar deposits.  Economic Geology 89: 438-449.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Rakovan (2006) - Mississippi Valley-type deposits.  Rocks & Minerals 81(January\u002FFebruary 2006): 69-71.\n\u003C\u002Fp>\nFisher et al. (2013) - Fluorite in Mississippi Valley-type deposits.  Rocks & Minerals 88(January\u002FFebruary 2013): 20-47.",1483,{"id":611,"source_url":612,"license_code":613,"credit_html":614,"title":615,"description":616,"author":617,"original_width":618,"original_height":619},34981,"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=14689448","CC BY 3.0","Ralph Bottrill, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002F?curid=14689448\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003C\u002Fa>","Witherite, Barytocalcite-347487.jpg","\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWitherite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Witherite\">Witherite\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBarytocalcite\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Barytocalcite\">Barytocalcite\u003C\u002Fa>\n\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>\u003Cdl>\u003Cdd>Locality: Rosebery Mine, Rosebery, Rosebery district, Tasmania, Australia\u003C\u002Fdd>\n\u003Cdd>\u003Ci>Original description:\u003C\u002Fi> White witherite (hexagonal prisms, hollow) with barytocalcite (new find, confirmed by XRD). FOV ~50mm\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>\u003C\u002Fdd>\u003C\u002Fdl>","Ralph Bottrill",1024,768,[621,628,634,639,643],{"id":622,"url":623,"label":624,"formula":625,"spacegroup":626,"year":627},14521,"\u002Fcif\u002F14521.cif","Ye 2012","(Ba.981 Sr.019) C O3","P m c n",2012,{"id":629,"url":630,"label":631,"formula":632,"spacegroup":626,"year":633},14522,"\u002Fcif\u002F14522.cif","Antao 2009","Ba C O3",2009,{"id":635,"url":636,"label":637,"formula":632,"spacegroup":626,"year":638},14524,"\u002Fcif\u002F14524.cif","Antao 2007",2007,{"id":640,"url":641,"label":642,"formula":632,"spacegroup":626,"year":332},14535,"\u002Fcif\u002F14535.cif","Holl 2000 · Ba C O3 (1)",{"id":644,"url":645,"label":646,"formula":632,"spacegroup":647,"year":332},14544,"\u002Fcif\u002F14544.cif","Holl 2000 · Ba C O3 (2)","P -3 1 c",[649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659],"Aerated barytes","Barolit","Barolita","Barolite","Barolite (of Kirwan)","Baryte carbonatée","Kohlensaurer Baryt","Sulphato-Carbonate of Baryta","Terra ponderosa aerata","Viterita","Viterite",[661,665,669,673,677,680,684,688,692,699,702,706,710,715,718,722,725,728,731,735,738,741,745,749,753,756,760,765,768,772,775,778,782,786,789,792,795],{"lang":662,"names":663},"be",[664],"Вітэрыт",{"lang":666,"names":667},"bg",[668],"Витерит",{"lang":670,"names":671},"ca",[672],"witherita",{"lang":674,"names":675},"de",[676],"Witherit",{"lang":678,"names":679},"es",[672],{"lang":681,"names":682},"et",[683],"viteriit",{"lang":685,"names":686},"eu",[687],"Witherita",{"lang":689,"names":690},"fa",[691],"ویتریت",{"lang":693,"names":694},"fr",[695,696,697,698],"14941-39-0","513-77-9","BaCO3","Withérite",{"lang":700,"names":701},"hu",[676],{"lang":703,"names":704},"hy",[705],"Վիտերիտ",{"lang":707,"names":708},"it",[709],"witherite",{"lang":711,"names":712},"ja",[713,714],"毒重土石","毒重石",{"lang":716,"names":717},"kk",[668],{"lang":719,"names":720},"kk-arab",[721],"ۆىيتەرىيت",{"lang":723,"names":724},"kk-cn",[721],{"lang":726,"names":727},"kk-cyrl",[668],{"lang":729,"names":730},"kk-kz",[668],{"lang":732,"names":733},"kk-latn",[734],"Vïterït",{"lang":736,"names":737},"kk-tr",[734],{"lang":739,"names":740},"ky",[668],{"lang":742,"names":743},"mk",[744],"витерит",{"lang":746,"names":747},"nb",[748],"witheritt",{"lang":750,"names":751},"nl",[752],"Witheriet",{"lang":754,"names":755},"nn",[748],{"lang":757,"names":758},"oc",[759],"Whiterita",{"lang":761,"names":762},"pl",[763,764],"Witeryt","Witheryt",{"lang":766,"names":767},"pt",[672,7],{"lang":769,"names":770},"ro",[771],"Witerită",{"lang":773,"names":774},"ru",[744],{"lang":776,"names":777},"tg",[668],{"lang":779,"names":780},"uk",[781],"Вітерит",{"lang":783,"names":784},"uz",[785],"Viterit",{"lang":787,"names":788},"vi",[676],{"lang":790,"names":791},"yue",[714],{"lang":793,"names":794},"zh",[714],{"lang":796,"names":797},"zh-yue",[714],"Q419260",{"history":11,"applications":11}]